Characterization and morphological study of microbes in treated palm oil mill effluents
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is wastewater generated by palm oil milling. Due to its extremely polluting qualities, it must be treated before being discharged into the water course. This study was aimed to evaluate the bacterial growth of raw and treated POME as well as identifying indigenous microorganisms by determining the morphological characteristics of bacteria that were found in the POME. The bacterial growth was identified by bacterial enumeration of colony forming units (CFU). Besides, the morphological identification of bacteria was determined by using gram staining. The results show the best bacterial growth curve is from serial dilution factor of 10-6 with a total of 2.24 x 10-6 CFU/mL in raw POME and optimum growth on day seven. While for the treated POME, the total is 1.97 x 10-6 CFU/mL and recorded the optimum growth on day ten of incubation. The growth curve indicates the number of colonies in raw POME is higher than treated POME. It concluded that treated POME still has the bacteria although it has been treated. Apart from that, from the morphological identification by gram staining, the bacteria were Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus. From a gram staining, this research obtained all gram positive in purple colour from the POME samples. Two of them in treated POME were in Bacillus shape while the other two from raw and treated POME were in coccus shape, respectively.
Downloads
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Copyright (c) 2022 Afiqah Rosdi, Farrah Aini Dahalan, Loh Zhang Zhan, Peyman Babakhani, Shahriar Shams
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
A Aziz, M.M., Kassim, K.A., ElSergany, M., Anuar, S., Jorat, M.E., Yaacob, H., Ahsan, A., Imteaz, M.A., and Arifuzzaman. 2020. Recent advances on palm oil mill effluent (POME) pretreatment and anaerobic reactor for sustainable biogas production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 119, 109603 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109603
Adela, B.N.,Muzzammil, N., Loh, S., Choo, Y.J.A.J.o.M., Biotechnology, and Paper, E.S., 2014. Characteristics of palm oil mill effluent (POME) in an anaerobic biogas digester. Asian J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Environ. Sci. 16, 225-231
Akhbari, A.,Onn, C.C., and Ibrahim, S., 2021. Analysis of biohydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent using a pilot-scale up-flowanaerobic sludge blanket fixed-film reactor in life cycle perspective. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy. 46, 34059-34072 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.186
Bala, J.D., Lalung, J., Al-Gheethi, A.A.S., Hossain, K., and Ismail, N.J.T.l.s.r., 2018. Microbiota of palm oil mill wastewater in Malaysia. Trop. Life Sci. Res. 29, 131
Blair, E.M., Dickson, K.L., and O’Malley, M.A., 2021. Microbial communities and their enzymes facilitate degradation of recalcitrantmpolymers in anaerobic digestion. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 64, 100-108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2021.09.008
Cheng, Y.W., Chong, C.C., Lam, M.K., Leong,W.H., Chuah, L.F., Yusup, S., Setiabudi, H.D., Tang, Y., and Lim, J.W., 2021. Identification of microbial inhibitions and mitigation strategies towards cleaner bioconversions of palm oil mill effluent (POME): A review. J. Clean. Prod. 280, 124346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124346
Choong, Y.Y., Chou, K.W., and Norli, I., 2018. Strategies for improving biogas production of palm oil mill effluent (POME) anaerobic digestion: A critical review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82, 2993-3006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.036
Cui, K., Xu, Q., Sheng, X.,Meng, Q., Shang, G.,Ma, Y., Zhang, Z., and Guo, K., 2021. The impact of bioaugmentation on the performance and microbial community dynamics of an industrial-scale activated sludge sequencing batch reactor under various loading shocks of heavy oil refinery wastewater. Water. 13, 2822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13202822
Ding, G.T.,Mohd Yasin, N.H., Takriff, M.S., Kamarudin, K.F., Salihon, J., Yaakob, Z., and Mohd Hakimi, N.I.N., 2020. Phycoremediation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and CO2 fixation by locally isolated microalgae: Chlorella sorokiniana UKM2, Coelastrella sp. UKM4 and Chlorella pyrenoidosa UKM7. J. Water Process. Eng. 35, 101202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101202
Dominic, D., and Baidurah, S., 2022. Recent developments in biological processing technology for palm oil mill effluent treatment—A review. Biology. 11, 525 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11040525
Furwati, R., and Jufri. 2020. The effect of environmental factors on microbial growth. Journal La Lifesci. 1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37899/journallalifesci.v1i1.32
Gray, D.A., Dugar, G., Gamba, P., Strahl, H., Jonker, M.J., and Hamoen, L.W., 2019. Extreme slow growth as alternative strategy to survive deep starvation in bacteria. Nat. Commun. 10, 890 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08719-8
Hasanudin, H., and Faizal, M., 2021. Isolates of lipolytic, proteolytic and cellulolytic bacteria from palm oil mill effluent and their potency as consortium. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol.6, 15-30
Jamali, N.S.,Md Jahim, J.,Mumtaz, T., and Abdul, P.M., 2021. Dark fermentation of palm oil mill effluent by Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus immobilized on activated carbon for thermophilic biohydrogen production. Environ. Technol. Innov. 22, 101477 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101477
Kahar, P., Rachmadona, N., Pangestu, R., Palar, R., Triyono Nugroho Adi, D., Betha Juanssilfero, A., Yopi, Manurung, I., Hama, S., and Ogino, C., 2022. An integrated biorefinery strategy for the utilization of palm-oil wastes. Bioresour. Technol. 344, 126266 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126266
Karim, A., Islam, M.A., Yousuf, A., Khan, M.M.R., and Faizal, C.K.M., 2019. Microbial lipid accumulation through bioremediation of palm oil mill wastewater by Bacillus cereus. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7, 14500-08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01960
Liew, Z.K., Chan, Y.J., Ho, Z.T., Yip, Y.H., Teng, M.C., Ameer Abbas bin, A.I.T., Chong, S., Show, P.L., and Chew, C.L., 2021. Biogas production enhancement by co-digestion of empty fruit bunch (EFB) with palm oil mill effluent (POME): Performance and kinetic evaluation. Renew. Energy. 179, 766-77 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.073
Ma, G., Chen, Y., and Ndegwa, P., 2021. Association between methane yield and microbiota abundance in the anaerobic digestion process: Ameta-regression. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 135, 110212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110212
Mahlia, T.M.I., Ismail, N., Hossain, N., Silitonga, A.S., and Shamsuddin, A.H., 2019. Palm oil and its wastes as bioenergy sources: a comprehensive review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26, 14849-14866 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04563-x
Mustamu, N.,Nasution, Z., and Sembiring, M. 2021. "Potential and phylogenetic of superior bacterial isolates in biogas sludge fromanaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent." IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 012065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/913/1/012065
Patel, G.B., Shah, K.R., Shindhal, T., Rakholiya, P., and Varjani, S., 2021. Process parameter studies by central composite design of response surface methodology for lipase activity of newly obtained Actinomycete. Environ. Technol. Innov. 23, 101724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101724
Rajani, A., Kusnadi, Santosa, A., Saepudin, A., Gobikrishnan, S., and Andriani,D., 2019. Review on biogas frompalm oil mill effluent (POME): Challenges and opportunities in Indonesia. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 293, 012004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/293/1/012004
Ratnasari, A., Syafiuddin, A., Boopathy, R.,Malik, S., AamerMehmood, M., Amalia, R., Dwi Prastyo, D., and Syamimi Zaidi, N., 2022. Advances in pretreatment technology for handling the palm oil mill effluent: Challenges and prospects. Bioresour. Technol. 344, 126239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126239
Ratnasari, A., Zaidi, N.S., Syafiuddin, A., Boopathy, R., Kueh, A.B.H., Amalia, R., and Prasetyo, D.D., 2021. Prospective biodegradation of organic and nitrogenous pollutants from palm oil mill effluent by acidophilic bacteria and archaea. Bioresour. Technol. Rep. 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100809
Rupani, P.F., Embrandiri, A., Rezania, S., Shao,W., Domínguez, J., and Appels, L., 2022. Changes in the microbiota during biological treatment of palm oil mill waste: A critical review. J. Environ. Manage. 320, 115772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115772
Salleh, S.F.,Mohd Roslan, M.E., Abd Rahman, A., Shamsuddin, A.H., Tuan Abdullah, T.A.R., and Sovacool, B.K., 2020. Transitioning to a sustainable development framework for bioenergy in Malaysia: policy suggestions to catalyse the utilisation of palm oil mill residues. Energy Sustain. Soc. 10, 38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-020-00269-y
Sodri, A., and Septriana, F.E., 2022. Biogas Power Generation from Palm oil mill effluent (POME): Techno-economic and environmental impact evaluation. Energies. 15, 7265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197265
Tan, Y.D., and Lim, J.S., 2019. Feasibility of palm oil mill effluent elRenew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 111, 507-522 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.043
Uning, R., Latif, M.T., Othman, M., Juneng, L.,Mohd Hanif, N., Nadzir, M.S.M., Abdul Maulud, K.N., Jaafar, W.S.W.M., Said, N.F.S., Ahamad, F., and Takriff, M.S., 2020. A review of Southeast Asian oil palm and its CO2 fluxes. Sustainability. 12, 5077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125077
Vítězová, M., Kohoutová, A., Vítěz, T., Hanišáková, N., and Kushkevych, I., 2020. Methanogenic microorganisms in industrial wastewater anaerobic treatment. processes. 8, 1546 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8121546
Wadchasit, P., Suksong,W., O-Thong, S., and Nuithitikul, K., 2021. Development of a novel reactor for simultaneous production of biogas fromoil-palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm oil mill effluents (POME). J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9, 105209 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105209
