Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Antibiogram of Isolates Among Diabetic Patients in Calabar, Nigeria
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Asymptomatic bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in the urine of an individual without any symptom of urinary tract infection. This has been widely observed in diabetic patients and could be detrimental to their health if not effectively managed. This study was to identify the pathogens associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria among patients with diabetes and the antibiogram of those isolates in Calabar. Blood samples were collected for the determination of fasting blood sugar levels using glucometer. Bacterial isolations were done through urine culture and antibiogram were tested in all urine samples of the diabetic patients in this study. The prevalence of bacteriuria in this study was 26.0%. Participants aged, 41-50 years were highest both in blood sugar level (12.3+/-4.38mmol/L) and infection rate (37.5%, 18/48). Females had lower blood sugar (10.9+/-3.370mmol/L) than the males (11.3+/-4.46mmol/L) while the males had less infection rate (22.4%, 22/98) than the females (29.4%, 30/102). Escherichia coli, 46.2% (24/52) had the highest distribution while Proteus spp. 11.5% (6/52) had the least distribution. Ciprofloxacin was the most sensitivity (100%) while Amoxicillin was the most resistant (38%). There was a high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in this study. The most commonly observed organisms were Escherichia coli. Ciprofloxacin was the most sensitive antibiotics and there was a widespread antibiotic resistance in this study. It is therefore recommended that screening among diabetic patients for urinary tract infections, sensitization and strategies to promote effective drug usage be encouraged.
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Paul Inyang-Etoh, Etefia Etefia, Sonia Ejiofor
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Londhe A, Naik M, Shinde V, Patel P, Wyavahare S. Study of diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Curr Med Appl Sci 2016; 9:101‑6. DOI: 10.4103/0975-3583.89805 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-3583.89805
Schneeberger C, Kazemier BM, Geerlings SE. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infections in special patient groups: women with diabetes mellitus and pregnant women. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2014; 27(1):108-14. DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000028
Gupta K, Trautner B. Urinary tract Infection and Pyelonephritis and Prostatis. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J., et al. Harrisons principals of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill Publication 19th Ed; 2015;861-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2011.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2011.04.001
Nitzan, O, Elias, M, Chazan, B, Saliba W. Urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: review of prevalence, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2015;8:129-36. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S51792 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S51792
De Boer IH, Rue TC, Hall YN, Heagerty PJ, Weiss NS, Himmelfarb J. Temporal trends in the prevalence of diabetic kidney Disease in The United States. JAMA. 2011; 305:2532-39. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.861 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.861
Tao Z, Shi A, Zhao J. Epidemiological perspectives of diabetes. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2015; 73:181-85. DOI: 10.1007/s12013-015-0598-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-015-0598-4
Borj MR, Taghizadehborojeni S, Shokati A, Sanikhani N, Pourghadamyari H, Mohammadi A, et al. Urinary tract infection among diabetic patients with regard to the risk factors, causative organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles at Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran, International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research. 2017; 7(3):L38–L47. DOI: 10.5152/tud.2018.32855
Hamdan H, Kubbara E, Adam A, Hassan O, Suliman S, Adam I. Urinary tract infections and antimicrobial sensitivity among diabetic patients at Khartoum, Sudan. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2015; 14(1):1–6. DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0082-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-015-0082-4
O'Neil D, Gostelow R, Orme C, Church D, Niessen S, Verheyen K, et al. Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus among 193,435 cats attending primary‐care veterinary practices in England. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2016; 30:964- 72. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14365
World Health Organization (WHO), Antimicrobial resistance: No action today, no cure tomorrow; Updated 7 April 2011. Available from: http://www.who.int/world-healthday/2011/en/ [last accessed on 15 Nov 2020]
Pickering D, Marsden J. How to measure blood glucose. community eye health. 2014; 27(87):56-57. https://www.cehjournal.org/article/how-to-measure-blood-glucose/
Cheesbrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries, Part 1. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2014; DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511581304 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511581304
Pezzlo M. Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections: guidelines, challenges, and innovations. CMN. 2014; 36(12):87–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2014.05.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2014.05.003
Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing. Twenty sixth CLSI supplements M100S Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute; 2016; https://clsi.org/media/3481/m100ed30_sample.pdf
Bagir GS, Haydardedeoglu FE, Colakoglu S, Bakiner OS, Ozsahin KA, Ertorer ME. Urinary tract infection in diabetes: Susceptible organisms and antibiogram patterns in an outpatient clinic of a tertiary health care centerMed Science. 2019; 8(4):881-6. DOI: 10.5455/medscience.2019.08.9103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2019.08.9103
Shah MA, Kassab YW, Anwar MF. Prevalence and associated factors of urinary tract infections among diabetic patients. Health Science Journal. 2019; 13(2):646. DOI: 10.5152/tud.2018.32855 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2018.32855
Dave VR, Shah VR, Sonaliya KN, Shah SD, Gohel AR. A Study on epidemiological profile of urinary tract infections in perspective of diabetic status among patients attending Tertiary Care Hospital, Ahmedabad. Natl J Community Med. 2018; 9(8):594-98. https://njcmindia.com/index.php/file/article/view/774
Mohammed A, Beyene G, Teshager L, Daka D. Urinary pathogenic bacterial profile, antibiogram of isolates and associated risk factors among diabetic patients in Hawassa town, southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Urol Nephrol Open Access J. 2020; 8(4):84-91. DOI: 10.15406/unoaj.2020.08.00282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/unoaj.2020.08.00282
Worku S, Derbie A, Mulusew A, Adem Y, Biadglegne F. Prevalence of bacteriuria and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among diabetic and nondiabetic patients attending at Debre Tabor Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. International Journal of Microbiology. 2017;1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2017/5809494 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5809494
Banerjee M, Majumdar M, Kundu PK, Maisnam I, Mukherjee AK. Clinical profile of asymptomatic bacteriuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus: An Eastern India perspective. Indian J Endocr Metab. 2019; 23:293-7. DOI: 10.4103/ijem.IJEM_674_18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.IJEM_674_18
Nabaigwa BI, Mwambi B, Okiria J, Oyet C. Common uropathogens among diabetic patients with urinary tract infection at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda. Afr J Lab Med 2018; 7(1):a621. DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v7i1.621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ajlm.v7i1.621
Kumar R, Kumar R, Perswani P, Taimur M, Shah A, Shaukat F. Clinical and microbiological profile of urinary tract infections in diabetic versus non-diabetic individuals. Cureus. 2019; 11(8): e5464. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.5464
Nadia A, Bushra N, Nadia A. Audit of UTI causing microorganisms in diabetic patients WJPMR. 2020; 6(8):327-30. DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/EYP5H
Akram W, Ain QUI, Aif N. Frequency of microorganisms involved in UTI among diabetic patients at a tertiary care center. WJPR. 2018; 4(11):40-3. DOI: 10.12669/pjms.35.6.115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.6.115
Kalaichelvi S, Daranendaranchellapa. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in type 2 diabetic patients at Government Hospital, Chengalpattu District IAIM. 2018; 5(5):51-6. https://oaji.net/articles/2017/1398-1527604356.pdf
Durmaz SO, CED Basaran, Celik M. Evaluation of asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infection in patients with diabetes mellitus; approach and treatment. ARC Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology. 2018; 4(2):31-3. DOI: 10.20431/2455-5983.0402005
Bhagat ZP, Sahu MC. Pervasiveness of urinary tract infection in diabetic patients and their causative organisms with antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Apollo Med. 2020; 17:26-30. DOI: 10.4103/am.am_2_20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/am.am_2_20
Craig J, Simpson J, Williams G, Lowe A, Reynolds G, McTaggart S, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis and recurrent urinary tract infection in children. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361:1748-59. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0902295 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0902295
Asuquo AE, Epoke J, Asuquo EE. Antibiotic misuse among high school students in calabar, nigeria. Mary Slessor J Med. 2023; 3(1): 72-4. DOI: 10.4314/msjm.v3i1.11001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/msjm.v3i1.11001
