Treatment Problems In Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer ranks second on the list of common diseases worldwide. It causes many deaths in the United States and Europe, second only to lung cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) does not express Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), and Human Epithelial Receptor (HER2). It represents 24% of new cases of all breast cancer, and its incidence increases yearly. TNBC is a hormone-resistant breast cancer, so no current standard therapy exists. This article aims to explore regimen-resistant and troubleshooting treatment responses in TNBC cases. The method of writing this article is a literature review of studies using the keywords triple-negative breast cancer treatment and regimen, which are limited to only the most recent articles, 2012-2022, using search engines from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar.
Results: There is no definitive therapy for the triple-negative breast cancer subtype, in which the TNBC type has no target receptor. Chemotherapy is the SOC of TNBC for early stage treatment. For late-stage and relapsed TNBC, however, chemotherapy is no longer the first choice. Currently there is no standard chemotherapy regimen that can be given to patients who experience relapse after chemotherapy because they will have a short response and lead to metastases. Some studies have shown that chemotherapy gives a better response, but the prognosis of TNBC remains poor. TNBC has different responses to therapy. TNBC showed a good response to combination chemotherapy along with pembrolizumab, capecitabine, olaparib, and radiotherapy, compared to chemotherapy by itself. Surgical therapy, such as Breast-Conserving Surgery (BCS), does not improve better prognosis in TNBC patients.
Conclusions: Combining pembrolizumab, olaparib, capecitabine, and radiotherapy with chemotherapy increased survival rates compared to chemotherapy only.
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Thira Fasril , Noza Hilbertina, Aisyah Elliyanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Alluri, P., & Newman, L. A. (2014). Basal like and triple-negative breast cancers: searching for positives among many negatives. Surgical oncology clinics of North America, 23(3), 567–577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2014.03.003
Almansour, NM. (2022) Triple-negative breast cancer: a brief review about epidemiology, risk factors, signaling pathways, treatment and role of artificial intelligence. Front Mol Biosci, Januari;1-15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2022.836417
Brewster, A. M., Chavez-MacGregor, M., & Brown, P. (2014). Epidemiology, biology, and treatment of triple-negative breast cancer in women of African ancestry. The Lancet. Oncology, 15(13), e625–e634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70364-X
Cortes,J. et al. (2022). Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy in Advanced Triple Negative Breast Cancer. The New England journal of medicine, 387(3), 217–226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2202809
Fancellu, A. et al. (2021). Outcomes after breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy in patients with triple-negative breast cancer: meta-analysis. The British journal of surgery, 108(7), 760–768. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjs/znab145
Ferlay, J. et al. (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today; International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, France
Gianni, L. et al. (2022). Pathologic Complete Response (pCR) to neoadjuvant treatment with or without atezolizumab in triple-negative, early high-risk and locally advanced breast cancer: NeoTRIP Michelangelo randomized study. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 33(5), 534–543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2022.02.004
Ho, A. Y. et al. (2020). A phase 2 clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab and radiotherapy in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer, 126(4), 850–860. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32599
Howard, F. M., & Olopade, O. I. (2021). Epidemiology of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Review. Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.), 27(1), 8–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000500
International Agency of Research on Cancer., (2020). Estimated age-standardized incidence and mortality rates (World) in 2020, worldwide, both sexes, all ages. GLOBOCAN.
Johnson, J. E. et al. (2021). Suboptimal therapy following breast conserving surgery in triple-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Breast cancer research and treatment, 189(2), 509–520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06303-7
Kim, C. et al. (2018). Chemoresistance Evolution in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Delineated by Single-Cell Sequencing. Cell, 173(4),879–893.e13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.041
Kohler, B. A. et al. (2015). Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2011, Featuring Incidence of Breast Cancer Subtypes by Race/Ethnicity, Poverty, and State. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 107(6), djv048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv048
Kumar, P., Aggarwal, R., (2016). An overview of triple-negative breast cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 293(2):247-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-015-3859-y
Li, J. et al. (2020). Adjuvant Capecitabine With Docetaxel and Cyclophosphamide Plus Epirubicin for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (CBCSG010): An Open-Label, Randomized, Multicenter, Phase III Trial. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 38(16), 1774–1784. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.02474
Loap, P. et al. (2021). Combination of Olaparib with radiotherapy for triple-negative breast cancers: One-year toxicity report of the RADIOPARP Phase I trial. International journal of cancer, 149(10), 1828–1832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33737
Łukasiewicz S. et al. Breast Cancer-Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies—An Updated Review. Cancers. 2021; 13(17):4287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174287
Mittendorf,E. A. et al. (2020). Neoadjuvant atezolizumab in combination with sequential nab-paclitaxel and anthracycline-based chemotherapy versus placebo and chemotherapy in patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (IMpassion031): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England), 396(10257), 1090–1100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31953-X
Momenimovahed, Z., Salehiniya, H., (2019). Epidemiological characteristics of and risk factors for breast cancer in the world. Breast Cancer. Dove Med Press. 11:151-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/BCTT.S176070
Sharma R. (2019). Breast cancer incidence, mortality and mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) are associated with human development, 1990-2016: evidence from Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan), 26(4), 428–445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-018-00941-4
Sukumar, J., Gast, K., Quiroga, D., Lustberg, M., & Williams, N. (2021). Triple-negative breast cancer: promising prognostic biomarkers currently in development. Expert review of anticancer therapy, 21(2), 135–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14737140.2021.1840984
Tsai, J., Bertoni, D., Hernandez-Boussard,
T., Telli, M. L., & Wapnir, I. L. (2016). Lymph Node Ratio Analysis After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy is Prognostic in Hormone Receptor-Positive and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Annals of surgical oncology, 23(10), 3310–3316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-016-5319-8
Wahba, H. A., & El-Hadaad, H. A. (2015). Current approaches in treatment of triple negative breast cancer. Cancer biology & medicine, 12(2), 106–116
Wein, L., & Loi, S. (2017). Mechanisms of resistance of chemotherapy in early-stage triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland), 34 Suppl 1, S27–S30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2017.06.023
Won, K. A., & Spruck, C. (2020). Triple negative breast cancer therapy: Current and future perspectives (Review). International journal of oncology, 57(6), 1245–1261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2020.5135
Xia, L. Y., Xu, W. Y., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Effect of postmastectomy radiotherapy on T1-2N1M0 triple-negative breast cancer. PloS one, 17(6), e0270528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270528
Yin, L., Duan, J. J., Bian, X. W., & Yu, S. C. (2020). Triple-negative breast cancer molecular subtyping and treatment progress. Breast cancer research : BCR, 22(1), 61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-020-01296-5