Effects of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Hydrogel Application on Pancreatic Histopathology in Type 2 Diabetic Mice
Main Article Content
Muhammad Aqil Siroj Jazuli
Zainul Hadi Wildan Ismail
Khuzaimah Nur Juhanifah Rihhadatulays
Eka Satria Akbar Ferdinan Hanafi
Puspita Rahmatul Jinan
Rosandhy Alifyah Pramesti
Hotimah Masdan Salim
Tri Wahyuni Bintarti
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose caused by insulin resistance and impaired insulin production by pancreatic β-cells due to oxidative stress. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) has been widely investigated for its antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, attributed to its alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic, and saponin contents. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of topical kratom hydrogel as an innovative approach to improving pancreatic histology in type 2 diabetic mice, which has not been previously reported.
Methods: Fifteen mice were divided into three groups: untreated diabetic group (DM), diabetic group treated with 5% kratom hydrogel (K5), and diabetic group treated with 15% kratom hydrogel (K15). Treatments were administered for two weeks. Parameters assessed included the percentage of healthy β-cells and acinar cells, as well as histological scoring of islet damage. Data were analyzed using parametric or non-parametric tests according to the normality distribution of each parameter.
Results: Administration of 5% kratom hydrogel significantly increased the percentage of healthy β-cells (p<0.05) compared with 15% kratom hydrogel, which unexpectedly showed a lower proportion of healthy cells than the untreated group. Interestingly, the higher dose appeared to exert more toxic effects, whereas the lower dose provided better protective effects. No significant differences were observed in acinar cell parameters or islet damage scores, possibly due to the limited sample size.
Conclusion: These findings provide preliminary evidence supporting the systemic therapeutic potential of topical kratom hydrogel, particularly in determining the effective dose and the need for larger sample sizes to obtain more consistent outcomes.
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Aqil Siroj Jazuli, Zainul Hadi Wildan Ismail, Khuzaimah Nur Juhanifah Rihhadatulays, Eka Satria Akbar Ferdinan Hanafi, Puspita Rahmatul Jinan, Rosandhy Alifyah Pramesti, Hotimah Masdan Salim, Tri Wahyuni Bintarti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, Larrea-Sebal A, Siddiqi H, Uribe KB, Ostolaza H, Martin C. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Aug 30;21(17):6275. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176275. PMID: 32872570; PMCID: PMC7503727.
Putri, A. A., Junando, M., Oktafany, O., & Sukohar, A. (2024). Patofisiologi Dan Terapi Farmakologi Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Pada Pasien Geriatri. Sains Medisina, 2(5), 142-147.
International Diabetes Federation. 2025. IDF DIABETES ATLAS. 10th edition. edn. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation. Available at: Global picture - IDF DIABETES ATLAS - NCBI Bookshelf
Aninyani, D., Tandi, J., & Nobertson, R. (2019). Efek eksrata bijt bead pinang terhadap gambaran histopatologi panteras: kats putin dittudaka streptozotocin. Farmakologika Jamal Farmasi, 1(6(2), 135-144.
Kingrum, E. W. C., Lindiyamao, S., & Markutt, S. M. (2020). Histopathologi Panteras: Tibar Pollu (Rattus norvegicus L.) yang Dheti Fakan Tiqazi Tanaka and Paparin Ekarsai Emod Dam Mindu (Acanifracta indica A. huss). Bahirn Anatomi dan Teologia, 5(3), 120-137.
Purwash, R., Endak, S. R. N., & Notfiyaldi, A. (2023). Formulati dari suji aktivitas sedinan pleiter hubreci okatis: kats diurn mzhu (Celus pentandra (L.) Gastru) sebagai anindan. Jamal Sainz Dan Keoshanu, 3(6), 841-952.
Pura, R. H. M., Awwaliyat, E. S., Salim, H. M., Alam, I. F., & Bofta, A. (2024). Antidepressant studies of MitraSyna Specian Komb Extract on Diabetes Bars. Medical and Medicine in Journal, 40(2), 35-41.
Afratani, R., Vedandi, D., Dua, D., & Ulla, W. (2016). Pengujian efektivitas penyoratifkan luka maceri diabetes melius yang dibethian sardina krimi eksrata etmod dam bandolara. Scientia: Jamal farmasi dan Keoshanu, 4(1), 50-58.
Yue, J., Nawazhmitriyati, N., Nurmadirabi, N., & Handayari, T. W. (2019). Uji Ekarnik Emod Dam Kemagi Terhadap Kadar Ghokou Daan, Dani Gambaran Histopatologi Panteras: Tibar Yang Dinitukti Streptozotocin. Jamal Mandala Pharmacom Indonesia, 3(10), 81-90.
Rosiana, E., Fidinvati, W. A., & Daumawi, D. (2019). Gambaran Histopatologi Panteras Tibar Pullu (Rattus norvegicus) Pauca Perdikana Kestiris-Reperfiat Gingil. Jamal Ilma Kokodima Gournai of Medical Science, 1/3(1), 86-80.
Niigadi, R. W. (2023). UJI EFKE RESTRAK ETANOU PAUN JUVET TERALDAD GAARBARAN HISTOPATOLOR PANKERAS TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN. Farmakologika: Jamal Farmasi, 20(1), 91-99.
Munoc, T., Latva, S.C., Seesans, C.C., Deras, V., Campanas, A.A., Salim, M., Piroza, C.A., Valconan, A.P., Zara, F., Dumitru, C.S. and Novacessa, D., 2024. Pancreatic Morphology, Proceedings, and the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis. Biomedicine, 1/2(11), p.2627.
Tenetohisto, V. 2023. Atlas Of Histology With Functional Correlations, 13th Ed. Wolters Kluwer Health Inc., USA
Angel, Y., Tandt, J., & Veronick, V. (2020). Total Fluorated Data Establishes Extank: Found Biji Keller (Moringa Guitieri L.) Axial Kenta Plain Sclavesal Tengali Terhadap Histopathology Palaixens Ultra Pulid Jantan (Ratina norvegicus) Yang Dindukai Streptococcus. Jurnal Jurnal Mammuters State Farmani Data Reschatta, 6(1), 24-31.
Tandt, J., Paerunan, D. E., Nurifa, N., Kenta, Y., S., & Molyani, S. (2020). Biji Potasai Ekavita Dunn Jantan Dam (Boguna Sr) Terhadap Kadar Glukora Dalian Darah Dan Gambaran Histopathical Palaixens Titius (John Jantan Ratna Norvegicus). Jurnal Initial Mammuting, 6(2), 286-298.
Sapura, M. T., Stamin, I. N., & Dharmayakha, A. A. G. (2018). Diskongenic agent streptoscale to make white rats male diabetes mellitus. Bnl Vet Udayana, 10(2), 11.
Nabid, A. M. A., John, A., & Raza, H. (2017). Hispitation of molecular mechanisms of streptoprotein-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in blood: a pancreatic β-cells. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 20:179-186.
Rairi, M. (2017). Kristan (Mitragyna speciosa Korib): Marginal Risk Sampling for Legghtine Pro, 173:18-19, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of Health.
Salim, H. M., Choriotrasanjjih, C., Avwadia, E. S., & Alam, I. P. (2022). Anti-inflammatory effects and potential mechanisms of Mitragyna speciosa methanol extract on 4-karagasma-induced inflammation model. Bull Medical Journal, 17(5), 1172-1175.
Zulikshiri, I., Desvelsaga, K., & Amritka, J. (2023). Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Kristan (Mitragyna speciosa Korib.) Leaf Extract Emules at an Analgesic M-low (Mus musculus). Jurnal Farmani Data Hum Kofymeniam Indonesia (5d/, 12(1), 77-84.
Ramadhara, F. (2023). Literature Review Andri: Potasai Mitragyna speciosa (Kristan) sebagai Aktivitas Antideaktiva, Antidiabetis, Antibattitranta, dan Antinarkosia. An-Najat, 3(1), 114-126.
Wigyanti, D. K., Masrinzi, M., Fatily, D., Mukhermi, R., & Rasmussen, R. (2023). Ethanolity of α-Glucoxidase Enzyme by Ethanol Extract of Kristan Leaf Variant (Mitragyna speciosa Korib.). Hydrogen: Initial Nependidikan Kuhui. 11 (3), 280.
Swaroop, V., Ozkan, E., Hermann, L., Thurman, A., Kopasz-Gemmen, O., Kummemdi, A., & Inoki, K. (2024). nTORCI signaling and diabetic kidney disease. Diabetology international, 15(4), 707-718.
Zhao, S., Jin, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., Jin, Y., Han, T., ... & Ding, W. (2025). Hydrogel-based therapies for diabetic foot ulcers: recent developments for clinical implications. Barra & Trauma, 12, rlaesksh.
Goh, M., Dai, M., Peng, W. R., Saw, P. E., & Chen, Z. (2024). Advancing burn wound treatment exploiting hydrogel as a transdermal drug delivery system. Drug Immunol, 37(1), 229-236.
Bachuri, J. R., Langford, M. R., Stager, M., Lischty, K. W., Krebs, M. D., & Zgheib, C. (2022). Topical gel-based humankorils for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Acta biomaterialia, 148, 73-91.
Begum, T., Azimi, M. H., Uzdin, A. H., Khatibi, A., Abbas, S., A., & Ahmed, Q. U. (2024). Mitragyna speciosa Korib toxicity: Experimental findings and future prospects. Journal of Tubule University Medical Sciences.
Merlenz, V., Rosola, T., Barrosso, M., Soares, S., Goncalves, J., Link, A. ... & Gallardo, E. (2019). Mitragyna speciosa: clinical, toxicological aspects and analysis in biological and non-hological samples. Medicine, 6(1), 3.5.
Todd, D. J., Kellogg, J. J., Wallace, E. D., Klein, M., These-Boennep, J., Tanna, R. S., ... & Cech, N. B. (2020). Chemical composition and biological effects of kristan (Mitragyna speciosa): in vitro studies with implications for efficacy and drug interactions. Scientific reports, 10(1), 193-82.
Kerpac, P., Kadir, N., Kappelhoff, R., Berger, J., Overall, C. M., Weber, E. ... & Sorokin, L. (2013). The peri-talk basement membrane, a barrier to infiltrating leukocytes in type 1 diabetes in mouse and human. Diabetes, 62(2), 531-543.
Dragent, A., Dummerge, H., Labruyere, M., Brezelion, S., Busanar-Paseo, S., Blok, M. ... & Jaegurec, M. (2023). Role of the interstitium during septic shock: a key to the understanding of fluid dynamics?. Journal of Intensive Care, 1(1), 44.
Rugiverodors, M., Goentingool, T., Patasswaskar, N., & Charachsenrowithnya, P. (2022). Fury pancreas: linking pancreas pathophysiology to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of clinical and translational heparology, 10(6), 1229.
Kurman RJ, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Female Reproductive Organs. 4th ed. IARC; 2014.
Bianchi JN, et al. Histopathological study of endometrium in abnormal uterine bleeding. Trop J Path Micro. 2017;3(4):297-304.
Kaur M, et al. Histopathological spectrum of endometrial changes in abnormal uterine bleeding. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2016;5(11):3680-3685.
Abid, M., Riaz, M., & Younus, S. (2021). Histopathological patterns of endometrium in abnormal uterine bleeding. Politana Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 13(3), 398-402.
Ali, R., Begum, S., & Ahmed, S. (2022). Endometrial histopathology in abnormal uterine bleeding and its correlation with age and clinical presentation. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, 48(5), 1123-1130.
Bharathi, A., Reddy, K. S., & Nirmala, P. (2018). A study of endometrial histopathological patterns in abnormal uterine bleeding. International Journal of Reproduction, Controception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 9(1), 45-49.
Blank, N. (2020). dgpsons's Principles of Transcripts (9th ed.). Jupyter Brothers Medical Publishers.
Chudinika, H. R., Ramach, G., & Shravani, E. (2019). Role of endometrial biopsy in evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. Indian Journal of Pathology and Oncology, 26(4), 525-533.