Temephos Resistance in Prevention of Dengue Cases: Literature Review

,


INTRODUCTION
Dengue fever is the most vital vector-borne disease. Dengue fever is also a sickness that causes a big problem in the community. The primary strategy for controlling dengue fever is to reduce the population of vectors using insecticides. However, insecticide packages are a contributing issue in improving vector resistance (Morales et al., 2019). Acute ailment due to the virus is spread through the bite of Aedes mosquitoes, specifically Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Hasan et al., 2016;Candra, 2010;Kraemer et al., 2015). The disease is contagious in subtropical and tropical regions, especially Central America, Southeast Asia, America, and the Caribbean, including Indonesia. It puts the world's 3.9 billion people at risk for contracting it (Candra, 2010;Sarwar, 2014;Wowor, 2017).
According to WHO, the number of dengue cases is estimated to reach 390 million yearly, of which 96 million are severe. The regions are high dengue-endemic countries, especially the United States, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific, where two point five billion populations, or two-fifths of the world's society, are at high risk of dengue fever. Republic of Indonesia is one of the endemic regions of dengue fever in Southeast Asia. A calculated five-hundred thousand population with dengue fever are hospitalized each year, and about 2.5 of them die. Indonesia has the second largest dengue case rank among the 30 endemic region countries (Kemenkes, 2018 with the highest dengue deaths in 2017 were East Java, Central Java, and West Java. All districts/cities in Central Java have contracted dengue (Kemenkes, 2018;Jateng, 2017).
Vector control remains the only intervention available to prevent and control dengue transmission (WHO, 2011). One of the causes of the decrease in cases is the intensive dengue vector control efforts, mainly routine flick monitoring and larvicides using temephos (Fenisenda, 2016). But unfortunately, insecticides used for long periods can result in resistance to mosquitoes and larvae of Aedes aegypti (Istiana et al., 2012). Resistance of Aedes larvae to temephos has been revealed in Sumbawa Regency, Tasikmalaya City, DKI Jakarta, and Surabaya City (Simbawara, 2017;Fuadzy & Hendri, 2015;Setiyani et al., 2016;Mulyatno et al., 2012). Resistance to larvae has occurred in various countries including, Brazil, Colombia, Thailand, and Malaysia (Braga et al., 2005;Grisales et al., 2013;Ponlawat et al., 2005;Chen et al., 2013).
Resistance happens when larvae cannot be eliminated with a standard dose, or the larvae manages to avoid exposure to insecticides . Temephos and malathion organophosphates have become Indonesia's main insecticides for mass larvicides and fogging, respectively (Organization et al., 2009). However, the long-term use of these chemicals has contributed to the development of resistance by Ae. Aegypti (Arslan et al., 2016). This condition allows resistance to Aedes larvae due to the utilization of insecticides in abate and fogging in the elimination of dengue larvae. This study aims to describe the resistance condition of Aedes larvae to temephos use.

METHOD
The method used in this article was a literature review. The mechanism according to this method was to search for international literature using the ScienceDirect, Pubmed, and Google Scholar databases. publications are reviewed and evaluated. Once the abstract inclusion criteria are met, the journal will be thoroughly re-screened to find the correct journal results.

RESULT
The results of the literature review can be explained as follows:

DISCUSSION
Temephos resistance has occurred in various countries in the handling and controlling dengue cases. This has been proven from research that found the occurrence of temephos resistance. In Lao Country, PDR has been using temephos as a control of dengue vectors since 1987 and is suspected to be the leading cause of moderate to high resistance cases in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes (Marcombe et al., 2018). The results found that temephos had experienced resistance in 5 regions of the 14 regions analyzed (Morales et al., 2019). This is in line with cases of insecticide resistance in Aedes aygypti mosquitoes that have also been reported from Pakistan (Mohsin et al., 2016). Then another study also said that all populations studied had shown low mortality from temephos with sensitive strain levels based on resistance ratio 50 (RR50) varying from 3.3 to 33.78 and RR90 from 4.2 to 47 compared to sensitive strains. A statement of high generalized resistance of dengue larvae death to temephos in Cambodia (Boyer et al., 2018). In addition, still in Cambodia, there has been a moderate resistance level of temephos of RR90<5.6 (30).
While in Indonesia, some studies also deliver results that show resistance to temephos. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in high endemic strains occur cool to temephos at a concentration of 1%, and Aedes aegypti (non-endemic strain) is also susceptible in the concentration range of 1% temephos (Ishak & Ponno, 2018).
This condition has also been reported there are in at least four urban populations related to cases of Aedes aegypti mosquito resistance that have also been reported in Cambodia (Boyer et al., 2018).
From other studies, the mortality rate of Aedes aegypti larvae after 24 hours from multiple concentration temephos administration has indicated high resistance. This is based on entomological indicators for HI (House Index), CI (Container Index), and CPI (Container Pupa Index) calculated at 7%, 12% for HI, 1.97%, 3.43% for CI, and 5%, 2% for CPI (Triana et al., 2021). In Pakistan, there has also been found resistance to the use of temephos. There are five places in the region with high temephos resistance: Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Kasur, Lahore, and Rawalpindi. While with moderate resistance levels also occur in five regions, including Sahiwal, Sialkot, Okara, Pattoki, and Sheikhupura (Khan & Akram, 2019).
Malaysia has also reported cases of temephos resistance in the Ae mosquito. Aegypti and Ae. albopictus in some locations (Elia-Amira et al., 2018).

CONCLUSION
Based on the literature review results from six research journals, there has been resistance to temephos in controlling dengue mosquito larvae. This study results can be the main consensus to determine more appropriate methods for handling dengue fever, especially in Indonesia. Standard levels are already resistant, so it may be necessary to raise levels of temephos to kill dengue mosquito larvae. However, we need good policies to prevent another resistance in the future.