Effect Of Roselle Petal Extract On Decreased Levels Of MDA In Rats With Type 2 Diabetes

Received: August, 10, 2020 Revised: September, 7, 2020 Available online: February, 2021 Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a metabolic disorder, namely a decrease in peripheral tissues' response to insulin. Free radicals increase, which results in the forming of Malondialdehyde (MDA). Roselle flower petals is an antioxidant to reduce free radical damage. This study aims to analyze the effect of roselle petal extract on decreased MDA levels in mice induced by diabetes. The rats were divided into four treatments group as follow: 1) control negative, 2) control positive, 3) treatment dose I (administering roselle petal extract 195 mg/200 gram body weight), 4) treatment dose II (giving roselle petal extract 260mg/ 200 gram body weight). MDA levels were measured using Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay. There was an effect of rosella petal extract in the group with 260 mg/200 of rosella petal extract (p=0.005) and 195 mg/200 of rosella petal extract (p=0.041) compared with the positive control group. Rosella petal extract significantly reduces MDA levels in rats induced by type 2 diabetes.


INTRODUCTION
Diabetes type 2 is the most common type of diabetes. The pathogenesis of this diabetes type 2 is characterized by a metabolic disorder that leads to decreased peripheral tissue response to insulin (Kumawat et al., 2009). The increased levels of free radicals in the body damage the insulin receptor or the glucose transporter found in cell membranes of peripheral tissue. Lipid peroxidation is caused by excessive free radicals that will oxidize and attack the cell membrane's lipid components (Jusman and Halim, 2010). Along with the increase in free radicals, the lipid peroxidation of cell membranes also increases, resulting in the final product in the form of Malondialdehyde (MDA). To, the body needs antioxidants to reduce the damage caused by free radicals. Antioxidants are compounds that can neutralize free radicals by complementing the lack of electrons that free radicals have so that they become stable and inhibit the chain reaction of forming new free radicals (Erejuwa, Sulaiman and Wahab, 2011).
Xanton, phenols, and flavonoids in rosella petals extract can work as an anti-oxidation capable of reducing negative impacts in the form of damage in the host body due to free radical compounds Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Rosella petals contain calcium, vitamins C, D, B1, B2, magnesium, omega-3, beta-carotene, and 18 essential amino acids for the body. Rosella petals have anti-cancer, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic properties (Mardiah, Ashadi and Rahayu, 2009 (Hamzah, Ismail and Sandi, 2014).
Roselle can prevent the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications due to diabetes (Maria, 2009).
Previous research by (Ulilalbab and Maskanah, 2018) reported an effect of treatment rosella on MDA levels. Other studies showed an effect of rosella extract in prediabetic patients, but its effectiveness was less optimal because of the lack of dosage (Mayasari et al., 2018). Therefore, the researchers want to prove roselle petal extract's effect on reducing MDA levels in white rats induced by diabetes type 2. This study used different doses and times of experiment to reduce MDA levels more effectively.

METHOD
The in vivo stage used is the true experimental laboratory, a post-test controltreatment design randomized (CRD). The sample consisted of 24 male rats selected by random sampling. There were four groups: one negative control group (KN), one positive (KP), and two treatments (P1 and P2

RESULTS
The results showed an overview of the MDA serum levels of strain rats in figure 1.

Figure 1. Average MDA Levels by Group
The average MDA levels were 8.380 nmol/ml in the P2 group, 9.912 nmol/ml in the P1 group, 13.734 nmol/ml in the KP group, and 7.371 nmol/ml in the KN group. The highest MDA levels were in the positive control group (KP), while the lowest MDA levels were in the negative control group (KN). In the treatment group, MDA levels close to the negative control group were the P2 group (Figure 1). The results obtained from this study preventively showed that the group treated with roselle petal extract along with alloxan administration showed a decrease in MDA levels compared to the group that was given only alloxan without being given roselle petal extract.

DISCUSSION
There was a significant difference between positive group control (KP) and negative group control (KN) at 7.371 ± 1.503 nmol/ml and 13.734 ± 2.850 nmol/ml. Alloxan treatment increased the MDA levels in the positive control group. The imbalance between the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and antioxidants, where free radicals are higher than antioxidants, produce MDA in the body. Excess hydroxyl and peroxynitrite radicals can attack cell membranes and lipoproteins to produce lipid peroxides and MDA (Akim et al., 2011). MDA is one of the end products where the radicals from lipid peroxidation are toxic to living cells. Besides, MDA is a parameter of free radicals in the body and is considered a biomarker to determine oxidative stress (Pirinccioglu et al., 2010).
Flavonoids can significantly reduce MDA levels. Flavonoids are exogenous antioxidants to prevent oxidative stress. Flavonoids can work as antioxidants directly by donating hydrogen ions to neutralize the toxic effects of free radicals. Moreover, it has an indirect antioxidant impact by increasing endogenous antioxidant genes (Rasyid, Ismiarto and Prasetia, 2012).

CONCLUSIONS
MDA levels differ between the negative control group, the positive control group, and the treatment group. The treatment group given roselle petal extract at 260 mg is more effective in reducing MDA levels in mice with type 2 diabetes. The MDA levels in the positive control group have the highest levels compared to other groups. The group treated with rosella petal extract showed decreased MDA levels than the group without giving roselle petal extract. Further research should conduct additional analysis for the active ingredient components in rosella petal extract.