Nor Azizah Parmin,
Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Lot 106, 108 & 110, Blok A, Taman Pertiwi Indah, Jalan Kangar-Alor Setar, Seriab 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia,
Malaysia
Uda Hashim,
Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering,UniversitiMalaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis,Malaysia.,
Malaysia
Subash C.B. Gopinath,
Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering,UniversitiMalaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis,Malaysia.,
Malaysia
Farrah Aini Dahalan,
Faculty of Civil Engineering,UniversitiMalaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis,Malaysia.,
Malaysia
C.H. Voon,
Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering,UniversitiMalaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis,Malaysia.,
Malaysia
M.N.A. Uda,
Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering,UniversitiMalaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis,Malaysia.,
Malaysia
M.N. Afnan Uda,
Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering,UniversitiMalaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis,Malaysia.,
Malaysia
Zulida Rejali,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OG), Faculty ofMedicine Health Sciences,Universiti PutraMalaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor.,
Malaysia
Amilia Afzan,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OG), Faculty ofMedicine Health Sciences,Universiti PutraMalaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor.,
Malaysia
F. Nadhirah Jaapar,
Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering,UniversitiMalaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis,Malaysia.,
Malaysia
F. Syakirah Halim,
Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia,
Malaysia
Abstract
The quest for alternative methods is driven by the need to provide expertise in real time in biological fields such as medicine, pathogenic bacteria and viruses identification, food protection, and quality control. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) are examples of traditional methods that have some limitations and lengthy procedures. Biosensors are th
